石家河文化玉器欣赏
2016-10-05 历史考古与上古文明
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石家河遗址是我国长江中游地区迄今发现分布面积最大、保存最完整的新石器时代聚落遗址,被评为“中国20世纪100项考古重大发现”之一。
沉寂20余年的天门石家河遗址考古,有了重大新发现!2014年起,考古工作者时隔20余年后重启石家河遗址考古,在石家河古城中心区域的谭家岭遗址寻找建筑遗迹时,于今年11月底至12月初,意外从高等级墓葬区5个瓮棺中发现了这些玉器。2015年12月19日,湖北省文物考古研究所在纪念石家河遗址考古60年学术研讨会上正式对外披露,该遗址近日出土240余件距今4000多年的精美玉器,专家认为代表当时中国乃至东亚琢玉技艺最高水平,并且改写对中国玉文化的认识。
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连体双人头像
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鬼脸座双头鹰
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云形玉佩
此前学界认为史前玉器有两个高峰,一是辽宁的红山文化,一是长江下游的良渚文化。现在看来,长江中游江汉平原应该说是一个顶峰。现在已有学者提出,石家河文化玉器所处的时代代表三苗和夏禹王朝。
石家河文化玉器除了大量集中出土于长江流域的中段,在黄河流域的夏、商、周三代遗址中均有出土。
石家河文化玉器的风格,对商代玉器产生了重大影响,商代玉器中有大量的蝉、鸟、虎、龙、凤等,可以说是对石家河文化玉器的继承。从自然之神崇拜到祖先神崇拜,应是始于石家河文化。
![](https://i.51774.com/images/article/2023/05/27/080818194.jpg)
这里所说的石家河文化玉器包括石家河文化晚期(2800BC-2300BC)以及后石家河文化(2300BC-1800BC)。
石家河文化玉器的比较重要考古发现主要有以下五批,这极大丰富了石家河文化及其玉器的内涵,也为我们研究玉器提供了充足可靠的资料。
第一批玉器是中国科学院考古研究所1955年在天门县石家河乡的罗家柏岭遗址发掘时所获。这批玉器共有44件,其中长方形片状人头像10件、人头像坠饰1件、蝉7件、龙形环1件、凤形环1件、璧5件,玉管10件,还有环、笄以及玉料碎片等。这些玉器发现后,因其工艺水平很高,制作精湛,曾一度被误认为是西周的。后来相继在在天门石家河遗址肖家屋脊、谭家岭,荆州枣林岗、钟祥六合,湖南澧县孙家岗等遗址有较多发现玉器。石家河玉器风格确定后,研究者发现在国内外博物馆的传世品中,亦有不少馆藏很可能来自石家河。
一、国内馆藏的石家河文化玉器赏析:
玉虎头是石家河文化的一大特色:
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玉人面:
![](https://i.51774.com/images/article/2023/05/27/080825551.jpg)
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玉凤鸟:
![](https://i.51774.com/images/article/2023/05/27/080832917.jpg)
![](https://i.51774.com/images/article/2023/05/27/080833584.jpg)
玉蝙蝠:
![](https://i.51774.com/images/article/2023/05/27/080834251.jpg)
玉蝉:
![](https://i.51774.com/images/article/2023/05/27/080834915.jpg)
![](https://i.51774.com/images/article/2023/05/27/080835571.jpg)
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鹰头柄形器:
![](https://i.51774.com/images/article/2023/05/27/080837591.jpg)
![](https://i.51774.com/images/article/2023/05/27/080838258.jpg)
其他器形:
![](https://i.51774.com/images/article/2023/05/27/080838915.jpg)
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二、国外馆藏石家河文化玉器赏析:
![](https://i.51774.com/images/article/2023/05/27/080842946.jpg)
![](https://i.51774.com/images/article/2023/05/27/080843617.jpg)
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石家河文化运用了大量的减低起阳的工艺,此种工艺难度较大,堪称精湛。
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